بررسی‌های سرولوژیکی و مولکولی تحت گونه‌های آناپلاسما در گاوهای مصری نشان دهنده شیوع بالای عفونت با آناپلاسما مارجیناله

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل

نویسندگان

چکیده

پیشینه: آناپلاسموز گاوی یک بیماری عفونی با انتشار جهانی است. این بیماری از طریق راه‌های مختلف و عمدتا از طریق گزش کنه منتشر می‌شود. هدف: هدف از این مطالعه بررسی گونه‌های آناپلاسما مرتبط با گاو در سه استان شمالی مصر با استفاده از روش‌های سرولوژیکی و مولکولی و همچنین ارزیابی عوامل خطر مرتبط و آنالیز فیلوژنی ایزوله‌های آناپلاسما مارجیناله بود. روش کار: در طی سال 2020، در مجموع 650 نمونه خون از گاوهای بدون نشانه بالینی در استان‌های کفرالشیخ (240n=)، منوفیه (230n=)، و الغربیه (180n=) جمع آوری شد. نمونه‌های سرم با استفاده از کیت تست آنتی بادی آناپلاسما (cELISA v2) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. DNA ژنومی خون گاوهای سرم-مثبت با استفاده از PCRهای اختصاصی برای آناپلاسما مارجیناله، آناپلاسما سنتراله، و آناپلاسما بوویس بررسی شدند. نمونه‌های مثبت منتخب تحت توالی‌یابی نوکلئوتیدی قرار گرفتند. عوامل خطر (شامل: منطقه جغرافیایی، نژاد، نوع تولید، جنس، سن، اندازه گله، فصل، سیستم پرورش، آلودگی با کنه‌ها، و استفاده از کنه‌کش‌ها) با روش رگرسیون لجستیک ارزیابی شدند. نتایج: در مجموع ۱۳۰ گاو (20%, 95% CI: 17.1–23.3) از نظر سرمی برای گونه‌های آناپلاسما مثبت شدند. عوامل خطر عمده مرتبط با مثبت بودن سرمی عبارتند از: دورگه بودن، گاو شیری، سن بیش از 5 سال، فصل تابستان، اندازه گله زیر 300، چرای مرتع، آلودگی به کنه، و عدم درمان منظم با کنه کش‌ها. با استفاده از PCR اختصاصی، فقط آناپلاسما مارجیناله شناسایی شد. توالی‌یابی نوکلئوتیدی، وجود دو ژنوتیپ مختلف msp4 را نشان داد. نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه شیوع بالای آناپلاسما مارجیناله را در گاوهای کفرالشیخ، الغربیه، و منوفیه نشان می‌دهد. با این حال، ارتباط بین گونه‌های آناپلاسما و کنه‌های ناقل آن‌ها در مصر ناشناخته باقی مانده و نیازمند بررسی بیشتر است. از آن جایی که این عفونت‌ها عمدتا از طریق گزش کنه‌های ایکسودیده منتشر می‌شوند، استراتژی‌های مؤثر کنترل انگل‌های خارجی، معاینه منظم گاوها و همچنین بهره‌گیری از درمان‌های موفقیت آمیز توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Abdel-Shafy, S; Allam, N and Mahmoud, M (2016). Molecular description of Anaplasma biodiversity regarding 16SrDNA, msp4, hsp60, and rpoB profiles in ixodid ticks infesting animals from some Egyptian Provinces. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent., 41: 121-136.
Ait Hamou, S; Rahali, T; Sahibi, H; Belghyti, D; Losson, B; Goff, W and Rhalem, A (2012). Molecular and serological prevalence of Anaplasma marginale in cattle of North Central Morocco. Res. Vet. Sci., 93: 1318-1323.
Alanazi, AD; Nguyen, VL; Alyousif, MS; Manoj, RR; Alouffi, AS; Ridolfi, D; Sazmand, A; Mendoza-Roldan, JA; Dantas-Torres, F and Otranto, D (2020). Ticks and associated pathogens in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. Parasit. Vectors. 13: 110.
Alderink, FJ and Dietrich, R (1983). Economic and epidemiological implications of anaplasmosis in Texas beef cattle herds. Bulletin of Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Number 1426. PP: 66-75.
Alekseev, AN; Dubinina, HV; Semenov, AV and Bolshakov, CV (2001). Evidence of ehrlichiosis agents found in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from migratory birds. J. Med. Entomol., 38: 471-474.
AL-Hosary, A; Răileanu, C; Tauchmann, O; Fischer, S; Nijhof, AM and Silaghi, C (2020). Epidemiology and genotyping of Anaplasma marginale and co-infection with piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae in cattle and buffaloes from Egypt. Parasit. Vectors. 13: 495.
AL-Hosary, A; Răileanu, C; Tauchmann, O; Fischer, S; Nijhof, AM and Silaghi, C (2021). Tick species identification and molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in blood and ticks collected from cattle in Egypt. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 12: 101676.
Altschul, SF; Madden, TL; Schäffer, AA; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z; Miller, W and Lipman, DJ (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res., 25: 3389-3402.
Aubry, P and Geale, DW (2011). A review of bovine anaplasmosis. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 58: 1-30.
Battilani, M; De Arcangeli, S; Balboni, A and Dondi, F (2017). Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Anaplasma. Infect. Genet. Evol., 49: 195-211.
Belkahia, H; Said, MB; Alberti, A; Abd, K; Issaoui, Z; Hattab, D; Gharbi, M and Messadi, L (2015). First molecular survey and novel genetic variants’ identification of Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale and A. bovis in cattle from Tunisia. Infect. Genet. Evol., 34: 361-371.
Ben Said, M; Asker, AB; Belkahia, H; Ghribi, R; Selmi, R and Messadi, L (2018a). Genetic characterization of Anaplasma marginale strains from Tunisia using single and multiple gene typing reveals novel variants with an extensive genetic diversity. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 9: 1275-1285.
Ben Said, M; Belkahia, H; Alberti, A; Zobba, R; Bousrih, M; Yahiaoui, M; Daaloul-Jedidi, M; Mamlouk, A; Gharbi, M and Messadi, L (2015). Molecular survey of Anaplasma species in small ruminants reveals the presence of novel strains closely related to A. phagocytophilum in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 15: 580-590.
Ben Said, M; Belkahia, H; El Mabrouk, N; Saidani, M; Alberti, A; Zobba, R; Cherif, A; Mahjoub, T; Bouattour, A and Messadi, L (2017a). Anaplasma platys-like strains in ruminants from Tunisia. Infect. Genet. Evol., 49: 226-233.
Ben Said, M; Belkahia, H; El Mabrouk, N; Saidani, M; Hassen, MB; Alberti, A; Zobba, R; Bouattour, S; Bouattour, A and Messadi, L (2017b). Molecular typing and diagnosis of Anaplasma spp. closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants from Tunisia. Ticks Tick borne Dis., 8: 412-422.
Ben Said, M; Belkahia, H and Messadi, L (2018b). Anaplasma spp. in North Africa: a review on molecular epidemiology, associated risk factors and genetic characteristics. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 9: 543-555.
Ben Said, M; Belkahia, H; Selmi, R and Messadi, L (2019). Computational selection of minimum length groESL operon required for Anaplasma species attribution and strain diversity analysis. Mol. Cell. Probes., 48: 101467.
Bezerra-Santos, MA; Sgroi, G; Mendoza-Roldan, JA; Khedri, J; Camarda, A; Iatta, R; Sazmand, A and Otranto, D (2021). Ectoparasites of hedgehogs: From flea mite phoresy to their role as vectors of pathogens. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl., 15: 95-104.
Chung, C; Wilson, C; Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage, CB; Kang, E; Adams, DS; Kappmeyer, LS; Knowles, DP; McElwain, TF; Evermann, JF and Ueti, MW (2014). Improved diagnostic performance of a commercial Anaplasma antibody competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant major surface protein 5–glutathione S-transferase fusion protein as antigen. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig., 26: 61-71.
Dantas-Torres, F and Otranto, D (2017). Anaplasmosis. In: Marcondes, CB (Ed.), Arthropod borne diseases. Springer, Cham, Switzerland. PP: 215-222.
de la Fuente, J; Thomas, EJG; Van Den Bussche, RA; Hamilton, RG; Tanaka, EE; Druhan, SE and Kocan, KM (2003). Characterization of Anaplasma marginale isolated from North American bison. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 5001-5005.
de la Fuente, J; Vicente, JN; Höfle, U; Ruiz-Fons, F; De Mera, IGF; Van Den Bussche, RA; Kocan, KM and Gortazar, C (2004). Anaplasma infection in free-ranging Iberian red deer in the region of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Vet. Microbiol., 100: 163-173.
Dreher, U; de la Fuente, J; Hofmann-Lehmann, R; Meli, ML; Pusterla, N; Kocan, K; Woldehiwet, Z; Braun, U; Regula, G and Staerk, K (2005). Serologic cross-reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 12: 1177-1183.
El-Ashker, M; Hotzel, H; Gwida, M; El-Beskawy, M; Silaghi, C and Tomaso, H (2015). Molecular biological identification of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma species in cattle in Egypt using PCR assays, gene sequence analysis and a novel DNA microarray. Vet. Parasitol., 207: 329-334.
El-Dakhly, KM; Arafa, WM; Soliman, S; Abdel-Fatah, OR; Wahba, AA; Esteve-Gasent, MD and Holman, PJ (2020). Molecular detection, phylogenetic analysis, and genetic diversity of Theileria annulata, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale in cattle in three districts of Egypt. Acta Parasitol., 65: 620-627.
Elhariri, MD; Elhelw, RA; Hamza, DA and Soliman, DE (2017). Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale in the Egyptian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) based on major surface protein 1α. J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol., 47: 247-252.
El-Naga, T and Barghash, S (2016). Blood parasites in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Northern West Coast of Egypt. J. Bacteriol. Parasitol., 7: 1000258.
Felsenstein, J (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 39: 783-791.
Fereig, RM; Mohamed, SG; Mahmoud, HY; AbouLaila, MR; Guswanto, A; Nguyen, TT; Mohamed, AEA; Inoue, N; Igarashi, I and Nishikawa, Y (2017). Seroprevalence of Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, Trypanosoma evansi, and Anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle in southern Egypt. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 8: 125-131.
Hall, TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Sym. Ser., 41: 95-98.
Hildebrandt, A; Franke, J; Meier, F; Sachse, S; Dorn, W and Straube, E (2010). The potential role of migratory birds in transmission cycles of Babesia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Rickettsia spp. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 1: 105-107.
Jongejan, F and Uilenberg, G (2004). The global importance of ticks. Parasitology. 129: S3-S14.
Kang, JG; Kim, HC; Choi, CY; Nam, HY; Chae, HY; Chong, ST; Klein, TA; Ko, S and Chae, JS (2013). Molecular detection of Anaplasma, Bartonella, and Borrelia species in ticks collected from migratory birds from Hong-do Island, Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 13: 215-225.
Kawahara, M; Rikihisa, Y; Lin, Q; Isogai, E; Tahara, K; Itagaki, A; Hiramitsu, Y and Tajima, T (2006). Novel genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma centrale, and a novel Ehrlichia sp. in wild deer and ticks on two major islands in Japan. Appl. Environm. Microbiol., 72: 1102-1109.
Khodadadi, N; Nabavi, R; Sarani, A; Saadati, D; Ganjali, M; Mihalca, AD; Otranto, D and Sazmand, A (2021). Identification of Anaplasma marginale in long-eared hedgehogs (Hemiechinus auritus) and their Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks in Iran. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 12: 101641.
Kocan, KM; de la Fuente, J; Blouin, EF; Coetzee, JF and Ewing, S (2010). The natural history of Anaplasma marginale. Vet. Parasitol., 167: 95-107.
Kocan, KM; de la Fuente, J and Cabezas-Cruz, A (2015). The genus Anaplasma: new challenges after reclassifica-tion. Rev. Sci. Tech., 34: 577-586.
Lew-Tabor, A and Valle, MR (2016). A review of reverse vaccinology approaches for the development of vaccines against ticks and tick borne diseases. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 7: 573-585.
Loftis, AD; Reeves, WK; Szumlas, DE; Abbassy, MM; Helmy, IM; Moriarity, JR and Dasch, GA (2006). Rickettsial agents in Egyptian ticks collected from domestic animals. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 40: 67-81.
M’ghirbi, Y; Bèji, M; Oporto, B; Khrouf, F; Hurtado, A and Bouattour, A (2016). Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum in cattle in Tunisia. Parasit. Vectors. 9: 556.
Nasreldin, N; Ewida, RM; Hamdon, H and Elnaker, YF (2020). Molecular diagnosis and biochemical studies of tick-borne diseases (anaplasmosis and babesiosis) in Aberdeen Angus Cattle in New Valley, Egypt. Vet. World. 13: 1884.
Noaman, V; Nabinejad, A; Shahmoradi, A and Esmaeilkhanian, S (2016). Molecular detection of bovine leukocytic Anaplasma species in Isfahan, Iran. Res. Mol. Med., 4: 47-51.
Noaman, V and Shayan, P (2010). Molecular detection of Anaplasma bovis in cattle from central part of Iran. Vet. Res. Forum., 1: 117-122.
Ogden, NH; Lindsay, LR; Hanincová, K; Barker, IK; Bigras-Poulin, M; Charron, DF; Heagy, A; Francis, CM; O’Callaghan, CJ and Schwartz, I (2008). Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74: 1780-1790.
OIE, World Organization for Animal Health (2018). Bovine anaplasmosis manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. OIE, Paris, France. https://www.oie.int/ fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.04.01_BOVINE_ANAPLASMOSIS.pdf (accessed 28 December 2021).
Parvizi, O; El-Adawy, H; Melzer, F; Roesler, U; Neubauer, H and Mertens-Scholz, K (2020). Seroprevalence and molecular detection of bovine anaplasmosis in Egypt. Pathogens. 9: 64.
Radwan, M; Abdel Fatah, A and El Hamied, O (2013). Epidemiological studies and molecular diagnosis of Anaplasma marginale in cattle and biochemical changes associated with it in Kaliobia Governorate. Am. J. Infec. Dis. Microbiol., 1: 46-49.
Rjeibi, MR; Ayadi, O; Rekik, M and Gharbi, M (2018). Molecular survey and genetic characterization of Anaplasma centrale, A. marginale and A. bovis in cattle from Algeria. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 65: 456-464.
Saitou, N and Nei, M (1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol., 4: 406-425.
Salih, DA; Abdel Rahman, MB; Mohammed, AS; Ahmed, R; Kamal, S and El Hussein, AM (2009). Seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases among cattle in the Sudan. Parasitol. Res., 104: 845-850.
Salih, DA; Hassan, S; Julla, I; Kyule, M; Zessin, KH and El Hussein, A (2008). Distribution and application of ELISA for the seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases in Central Equatoria State, Sudan. Transbound. Emerg Dis., 55: 257-262.
Salm, F; Younis, E; Hegazy, N and El-Sawalhy, A (2011). Epidemiological studies on bovine anaplasmosis. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr., 59: 179-189.
Sazmand, A; Alipoor, G; Zafari, S; Zolhavarieh, SM; Alanazi, AD and Sargison, ND (2020). Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to parasitic diseases and anthelmintic resistance among livestock farmers in Hamedan, Iran. Front. Vet. Sci., 7: 584323.
Sazmand, A; Eigner, B; Mirzaei, M; Hekmatimoghaddam, S; Harl, J; Duscher, GG; Fuehrer, HP and Joachim, A (2016). Molecular identification of hemoprotozoan parasites in camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Iran. Iran J. Parasitol., 11: 568-573.
Sazmand, A; Harl, J; Eigner, B; Hodžić, A; Beck, R; Hekmatimoghaddam, S; Mirzaei, M; Fuehrer, HP and Joachim, A (2019). Vector-borne bacteria in blood of camels in Iran: New data and literature review. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 65: 48-53.
Selim, A; Alanazi, AD; Sazmand, A and Otranto, D (2021). Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Egypt. Parasit. Vectors. 14: 175.
Selmi, R; Ben Said, M; Dhibi, M; Ben Yahia, H; Abdelaali, H and Messadi, L (2020). Genetic diversity of groEL and msp4 sequences of Anaplasma ovis infecting camels from Tunisia. Parasitol. Int., 74: 101980.
Selmi, R; Said, MB; Dhibi, M; Yahia, HB and Messadi, L (2019). Improving specific detection and updating phylogenetic data related to Anaplasma platys-like strains infecting camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 10: 101260.
Sharifiyazdi, H; Jafari, S; Ghane, M; Nazifi, S and Sanati, A (2017). Molecular investigation of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia natural infections in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran. Comp. Clin. Pathol., 26: 99-103.
Tamura, K and Nei, M (1993). Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol., 10: 512-526.
Thrusfield, M; Christley, R; Brown, H; Diggle, PJ; French, N; Howe, K; et al. (2018). Surveys. In: Thrusfield, M; Christley, R; Brown, H; Diggle, PJ; French, N; Howe, K; et al. (Eds.), Veterinary epidemiology. (4th Edn.), West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., PP: 270–295.
Torina, A; Agnone, A; Blanda, V; Alongi, A; D’Agostino, R; Caracappa, S; Marino, AM; Di Marco, V and de la
Fuente, J
(2012). Development and validation of two PCR tests for the detection of and differentiation between Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma marginale. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 3: 283-287.
Tumwebaze, MA; Lee, SH; Moumouni, PFA; Mohammed-Geba, K; Sheir, SK; Galal-Khallaf, A; Abd El Latif, HM; Morsi, DS; Bishr, NM and Galon, EM (2020). First detection of Anaplasma ovis in sheep and Anaplasma platys-like variants from cattle in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Parasitol. Int., 78: 102150.
Uilenberg, G (1995). International collaborative research: significance of tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases to world animal health. Vet. Parasitol., 57: 19-41.
Younis, E; Hegazy, N; El-Deeb, W and El-Khatib, R (2009). Epidemiological and biochemical studies on bovine anaplasmosis in Dakahlia and Demiatta governorates in Egypt. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afri., 57, doi: 10.4314/bahpa.v57i4.51668.
Ziam, H and Benaouf, H (2004). Prevalence of blood parasites in cattle from wilayates of Annaba and El Tarf east Algeria. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis., 81: 27-30.
Zobba, R; Anfossi, AG; Pinna Parpaglia, ML; Dore, GM; Chessa, B; Spezzigu, A; Rocca, S; Visco, S; Pittau, M and Alberti, A (2014). Molecular investigation and phylogeny of Anaplasma spp. in Mediterranean ruminants reveal the presence of neutrophil-tropic strains closely related to A. platys. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 80: 271-280.