Aghamohammadi, A; Azadbakht, M and Hosseinimehr, SJ (2016). Quantification of thymol content in different extracts of Zataria multiflora by HPLC method. Pharm. Biomed. Res., 2: 8-13.
Ahmed, AR and Blose, DA (1983). Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing. A review.
Arch. Dermatol., 119: 934-945.
Amat, C; Planas, JM and Moreto, M (1996). Kinetics of hexose uptake by the small and large intestine of the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 271: 1085-1089.
Burton, RR; Besch, EL and Smith, AH (1968). Effect of chronic hypoxia on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure of the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 214: 1438-1442.
Cawthon, D; Beers, K and Bottje, WG (2001). Electron transport chain defect and inefficient respiration may underlie pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites)-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in broilers. Poult. Sci., 80: 474-484. doi:
10.1093/ps/80.4.474.
Du, E; Gan, L; Li, Z; Wang, W; Liu, D and Guo, Y (2015). In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 6: 58. doi: 10.1186/s40104-015-0055-7.
Du, E; Wang, W; Gan, L; Li, Zh; Guo, Sh and Guo, Y (2016). Effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 7: 19. doi: 10.1186/s40104-016-0079-7.
Farzanfar, N; Mohammadi, M and Roostaie Ali-Mehr, M (2015). Effect of inclusion of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) aqueous extract in drinking water on performance and immune responses of broilers. Iran. J. Anim. Sci., 46: 141-149.
Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, A; Kiaei, SMM; Modirsanei, M and Mansouri, B (2008). Comparison of chemical and biological growth promoter with two herbal natural feed additives on broiler chick performance. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 7: 570-574.
Ghazvinian, KH; Araghi, A and Abouhosseini Tabari, M (2017). Performance, immunity, and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with Zataria multiflora essential oil. Adv. Herbal Med., 3: 23-30.
Gholamreza, K and Rabiei, F (2015).
Zataria multiflora: chemical and biological diversity in the essential oil. J. Essential Oil Res., 27: 428-436.
Gholijani, NA and Amirghofran, Z (2016). Effects of thymol and carvacrol on T-helper cell subset cytokines and their main transcription factors in ovalbumin-immunized mice.
J. Immunotoxicol., 13: 729-737. doi: 10.3109/1547691X. 2016.1173134.
Hamdieh, M; Hosseini, SA; Lotfollahian, H; Mohiti-Asli, M and Gholami-Karkani, A (2013). Effect of thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) essential oil on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat oxidative stability of broilers. Anim. Prod. Res., 2: 43-53.
Hamedi, S (2013). Effect of dietary inclusion of Zataria multiflora on histological parameters of small intestine in broiler chickens. J. Vet. Clin. Res., 4: 189-198.
Hashemipour, H; Kermanshahi, H; Golian, A; Raji, A and Van Krimpen, MM (2013b). Effect of thymol + carvacrol by next enhance 150® on intestinal development of broiler chickens fed CMC containing diet. Iran. J. Appl. Anim. Sci., 3: 567-576.
Hashemipour, H; Kermanshahi, H; Golian, A and Veldkamp, T (2013a). Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 92: 2059-2069. doi: 10.3382/ps.2012-02685.
Hashemipour, H; Khaksar, V; Rubio, LA; Veldkamp, T and Krimpen, MM (2016). Effect of feed supplementation with a thymol plus carvacrol mixture, in combination or not with an NSP-degrading enzyme, on productive and physiological parameters of broilers fed on wheat-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 211: 117-131. doi: org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.023.
Hosseini, SA; Hamdieh, M and Lotfollahian, H (2013). Effect of Zataria multiflora Bioss. essential oil on ascites syndrome indicators and blood parameters of broilers. Anim. Sci. J. (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi). 105: 139-152.
Jebelli Javan, A; Ghazvinian, KH; Mahdavi, A; Javaheri Vayeghan, A; Staji, H and Ghaffari Khaligh, S (2012). The effect of dietary
Zataria multiflora Bioss
. essential oil supplementation on microbial growth and lipid peroxidation of broiler breast fillets during refrigerated storage. J. Food Process. Preserv., 37: 881-888.
doi: org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00714.x.
Jeurissen, SH; Janse, EM; Koch, G and De Boer, GF (1989). Postnatal development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in chickens. Cell Tissue Res., 258: 119-124.
Khaksar, V; Golian, A and Kermanshahi, H (2012). Immune response and ileal microflora in broilers fed wheat-based diet with or without enzyme Endofeed W and supplementation of thyme essential oil or probiotic PrimaLac®. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11: 14716-14723. doi: 10.5897/AJB12.1237.
Khaksar, V; Golian, A and Raji, A (2013). Effect of feed additives on intestinal histomorphology of broilers fed wheat-based diet. Iran. J. Appl. Anim. Sci., 3: 725-731.
Lee, KW; Everts, H; Kappert, HJ; Yeom, KH and Beynen, AC (2003).
Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens
. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 12: 394-399.
doi: org/10.1093/japr/12.4. 394.
Mahapatro, D and Mahapatro, RC (1984). Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. Am. J. Dermatopathol., 6: 483-489.
Mohammadi, A; Mosleh, N; Shomali, T; Ahmadi, M and Sabetghadam, S (2015). In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. against Newcastle disease virus. J. Herbmed. Pharmacol., 4: 71-74.
Mohammadpour, F; Darmani-Kuhi, H and Mohiti-Asli, M (2015). Investigation on the effect of dietary Zataria multiflora Boiss. extract supplementation and its using times on performance, carcass characteristics and gut microbial populations in broiler chickens. Anim. Prod. Res., 4: 35-46.
Mosleh, N; Shomali, T and Aghapour Kazemi, H (2013). Effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil on immune responses and faecal virus shedding period in broilers immunized with live Newcastle disease vaccines. Iran. J. Vet. Res., 14: 220-225.
Nobakht, M; Darmani-Kuhi, H and Mohiti-Asli, M (2016). Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss (thyme) extract on intestinal bacterial populations, meat cholesterol and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with and without fat. Anim. Prod. Res., 5: 1-10.
Nobakht, M; Darmani-Kuhi, H and Mohiti-Asli, M (2017a). Effect of Zataria multiflora Bioss. (thyme) extract and dietary fat on performance and carcass antioxidant properties in broiler chicks. Anim. Sci. J. (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi). 117: 117-128.
Nobakht, M; Darmani-Kuhi, H and Mohiti-Asli, M (2017b). Effect of Zataria multiflora Bioss. (thyme) extract and fat on meat quality, intestinal pH and serum antioxidant status of broiler chicks. Anim. Prod. Res., 6: 51-61.
Owens, B; Tucker, L; Collins, MA and McCracken, KJ (2008). Effects of different feed additives alone or in combination on broiler performance, gut microflora and ileal histology. Bri. Poult. Sci., 49: 202-212. doi: 10.1080/00071660802004890.
Petrolli, TG; Albino, LFT; Rostagno, HS; Gomes, PC; Tavernari, FC and Balbino, EM (2012). Herbal extracts in diets for broilers. R. Bras. Zootec., 41: 1683-1690.
Salehi, E; Bahadoran, SH; Fallah Mehrjerdi, A and Mohebi, AN (2016). Effect of dietary Zataria multiflora on
growth performance and carcass oxidation in broiler chickens. Iran. Vet. J., 11: 42-51.
Scanes, CG (2015). Sturkies’s avian physiology. 6th Edn., London, UK, Academic Press. PP: 337-366.
Sharifi-Rad, J; Salehi, B; Schnitzler, P; Ayatollahi, SA; Kobarfard, F; Fathi, M; Eisazadeh, M and Sharifi-Rad, M (2017). Susceptibility of herpes simplex virus type 1 to monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and essential oils of
Sinapis arvensis L.,
Lallemantia royleana Benth. and
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn.
Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 63: 42-47. doi: 10.14715/cmb/2017.63.8.10.
Shokri, H and Sharifzadeh, A (2017). Zataria multiflora Boiss.: a review study on chemical composition, anti-fungal and anti-mycotoxin activities, and ultrastructural changes. J. Herbmed. Pharmacol., 6: 1-9.
Shomali, T; Hamedi, S and Mohseni, M (2014). Effect of dietary Zataria multiflora on histology of cecal tonsils in broilers. Online J. Vet. Res., 18: 247-252.
Shomali, T; Hamedi, S; Paryani, MR; Mohseni, SM and Farzaneh, M (2013). Effect of dietary inclusion of Zataria multiflora on histological parameters of bursa of Fabricius in broiler. J. World’s Poult. Res., 3: 35-37.
Staji, H; Ghazvinian, KH; Mahdavi, A and Keramati, K (2016). Effects of different concentration of Zattaria multiflora essence on immunity system of broilers. Koomesh. 18: 227-235.
Yin, D; Du, E; Yuan, J; Gao, J; Wang, Y; Aggrey, SE and Guo, Y (2017). Supplemental thymol and carvacrol increases ileum
Lactobacillus population and reduces effect of necrotic enteritis caused
by
Clostridium perfringes in chickens. Sci. Reports. 7: 7334. doi: 10. 1038/s41598-017-07420-4.
)