Road transportation of domestic animals: Biochemical and physiological aspects

Document Type : Review article

Authors

1 Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

2 Ph.D. Student in Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

10.22099/ijvr.2026.55072.8291

Abstract

Transportation exposes domestic animals to multiple stressors, including environmental changes, noise, vibration, inadequate ventilation, and temporary deprivation of feed and water. The magnitude of the physiological response depends on factors such as transport duration, temperature, humidity, vehicle movement, and animal-related characteristics, including age and previous transport experience. These stressors can trigger endocrine, metabolic, and oxidative alterations that are reflected in measurable biomarkers. Evidence across species shows that transportation is associated with several physiological disturbances. Camels may exhibit increased oxidative stress, indicated by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and altered glutathione peroxidase activity. In ruminants such as sheep and calves, transport commonly increases cortisol, glucose, creatine kinase, and oxidative stress markers, while calves may also show changes in acute-phase proteins such as fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin, as well as increased intestinal permeability. In poultry, transportation is frequently associated with body weight loss, elevated blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations, and an increased heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. This review synthesizes current evidence on the biochemical and physiological responses of domestic animals to road transportation, focusing on key biomarkers of transport-induced stress, including cortisol, glucose, creatine kinase, acute-phase proteins, and oxidative stress indicators. The literature suggests notable species-specific differences in sensitivity to transport stress, with horses and poultry often exhibiting pronounced physiological responses. In contrast, camels and some ruminants may show variable tolerance depending on environmental and management conditions. Transport duration emerges as a major determinant of stress severity, as longer journeys are generally associated with greater metabolic disturbances, muscle damage, and oxidative imbalance. In addition, accumulating evidence highlights a close interaction between oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, whereby excessive production of reactive oxygen species may activate inflammatory pathways and contribute to tissue damage during transportation.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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