تغییرات وابسته به سن الکتروکاردیوگرافی و اکوکاردیوگرافی در سگ‌های ژرمن شفرد

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل

نویسندگان

چکیده

پیری با ایجاد تغییرات متعدد در سیستم قلبی-عروقی منجر به کاهش آستانه برای ظهور بالینی بیماری قلبی می‌شود. هدف از این مطالعه مشخص نمودن وجود تغییرات ساختاری و عملکردی قلب در سگ‌های سالم از سنین مختلف بود. ارزیابی‌های رادیوگرافی، الکتروکاردیوگرافی (ECG) و اکوکاردیوگرافی 20 سگ نژاد ژرمن شفرد از لحاظ بالینی سالم به منظور تعیین مقادیر پارامترهای مربوطه انجام شد. پس از آن، مقادیر ارزیابی‌های قلبی بین سگ‌های پیر و جوان مقایسه شده و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفتند. نمودارهای ECG وجود آریتمی‌های بالینی قابل توجهی را نشان ندادند، وجود آن‌ها بین سگ‌های سنین مختلف به طور معنی‌داری متفاوت نبود. تفاوت‌های آماری معنی‌داری در مدت زمان QRS (P<0.05) و دامنه موج R (P<0.05) بین گروه‌ها وجود داشت، اما همه مقادیر در محدوده مقادیر مرجع ECG برای سگ‌های سالم بودند. در مورد تغییرات ساختاری، ضخامت دیواره بطن چپ در پایان دیاستول (LVWd) و پایان سیستول (LVWs)، و ضخامت نسبی دیواره (RWT) بین سگ‌های پیر و جوان به طور معنی‌داری تفاوت داشتند (به ترتیب P<0.001، P<0.05، P<0.05). این تفاوت‌ها در ساختار قلب با اختلال در عملکرد سیستولیک همراه نبودند که توسط کوتاه شدن کسری بطن چپ تعیین شدند. شاخص استرس دیوار دیاستولیک در سگ‌های پیر به طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت (P<0.05). سگ‌های پیر و جوان عملکرد الکتریکی و سیستولیک مشابهی را نشان دادند. سگ‌های پیر در مقایسه با سگ‌های جوان ساختار قلبی متفاوتی داشتند، که می‌تواند منجر به تغییر عملکرد دیاستولیک شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Aurigemma, GP and Gaasch, WH (2007). Quantitative evaluation of left ventricular structure, wall stress and systolic function. In: Otto, CM (Ed.), The practice of clinical echocardiography. (3rd Edn.), Philadelphia, Saunders. PP: 187-212.
Bonagura, JD (1981). Cardiopulmonary disorders in the geriatric dog. Vet. Clin. North. Am. (Small Anim. Pract.), 11: 705-726.
Buchanan, JW and Bücheler, J (1995). Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs. JAVMA. 206: 194-199.
Edwards, NJ (1987). Interpreting the electrocardiogram. In: Pedersen, D (Ed.), Bolton’s handbook of canine and feline electrocardiography. (2nd Edn.), Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders. PP: 32-60.
Egenvall, A; Bonnett, BN; Hedhammar, A and Olson, P (2005). Mortality in over 350000 insured Swedish dogs from 1995-2000: I. breed-specific age and survival patterns and relative risk for cause of death. Acta Vet. Scand., 46: 121-136.
Eichelberg, H and Seine, R (1996). Life expectancy and cause of death in dogs. I: The situation in mixed breeds and various dog breeds. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl., 109: 292-303.
Fleming, JM; Creevy, KE and Promislow, DEL (2011). Mortality in North American dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 25: 187-198.
Foppa, M; Duncan, BB and Rohde, LEP (2005). Echocardiography-based left ventricular mass estimation. How should we define hypertrophy. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound. doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-3-17.
Gan, TY; Qiao, W; Xu, GJ; Zhen, XH; Tang, BP; Song, JG; Li, YD; Zhang, Y; Li, FP; Mao, T and Jiang, T (2013). Aging-associated changes in L-type calcium channels in the left atria of dogs. Exp. Ther. Med., 6: 919-924.
Ganau, A; Devereux, RB; Roman, MJ; DeSimone, G; Pickering, TG; Saba, PS; Vargin, P; Simongini, I and Laragh, JH (1992). Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 19: 1550-1558.
Haidet, GC (1993). Effects of age on beta-adrenergic-mediated reflex responses to induced muscular contraction in beagles. Mech. Ageing Dev., 68: 89-104.
Haidet, GC; Wennberg, PW; Finkelstein, SM and Morgan, DJ (1996). Effects of aging per se on arterial stiffness: systemic and regional compliance in beagles. Am. Heart J., 132: 319-327.
Hamlin, RL (2005). Geriatric heart diseases in dogs. Vet. Clin. North Am. (Small Anim. Pract.), 5: 597-617.
Hamlin, RL and Patterson, DF (1977). Standards for canine electrocardiography. The Academy of Veterinary Cardio-logy Committee Report 1977. The Academy of Veterinary Cardiology.
Kayar, A; Gonul, R; Or, ME and Uzsal, A (2006) M-mode echocardiographic parameters and indices in the normal German Shepherd dog. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound. 47: 482-486.
Kienle, RD (1998). Echocardiography. In: Kittleson, MD and Kienle, RD (Eds.), Small animal cardiovascular medicine. (1st Edn.), St. Louis, Mosby. PP: 95-117.
Kim, SH; Lee, KH; Won, HY; Park, S; Chung, JH; Jang, Y and Ha, JW (2013). Quantitative assessment of aortic elasticity with aging using velocity-vector imaging and its histologic correlation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 33: 1306-1312.
Lakatta, EG and Levy, D (2003). Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises. Part II: The aging heart in health: link to heart disease. Circulation. 107: 346-352.
Lamb, CR; Tyler, M; Boswood, A; Skelly, BJ and Cain, M (2000). Assesment of the value of the vertebral heart scale in the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs. Vet. Rec., 146: 687-690.
Lamb, CR; Wikeley, H; Boswood, A and Pfeiffer, DU (2001). Use of breed specific ranges for the vertebral heart scale as an aid to the radiographic diagnosis in dogs. Vet. Rec., 148: 707-711.
Li, L; Shigematsu, Y; Hamada, M and Hiwada, K (2001). Relative wall thickness is an independent predictor of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in essential hypertension. Hypertens. Res., 24: 493-499.
Miller, CW; Nealeigh, RC and Crowder, ME (1976). Evaluation of the cardiovascular changes associated with aging in a colony of dogs. Biomed. Sci. Instrum., 12: 107-110.
Minors, SL and O’Grady, MR (1998). Resting and dobu-tamine stress echocardiography factors associated with the development of occult dilated cardiomyopathy in healthy Doberman Pincher dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 12: 369-380.
Morrison, SA; Moise, NS; Scarlett, J; Mohammed, H and Zeager, AE (1992). Effect of breed and bodyweight on ehocardiographic values in four breeds of dogs of differing somatotype. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 6: 220-224.
Muzzi, RAL; Muzzi, LAL; deAraujo, RB and Cherem, M (2006). Echocardiographic indices in normal German Shepherd dogs. J. Vet. Sci., 7: 193-198.
Redfield, MM; Jacobsen, SJ; Borlaug, BA; Rodeheffer, RJ and Kass, DA (2005). Age- and gender-related ventricular-vascular stiffening. Circulation. 112: 2254-2262.
Rezakhani, A; Atwell, RB and Webster, J (1990). Electro-cardiographic value of German Shepherd dogs. Aust. Vet. J., 67: 307-309.
Sahn, DJ; DeMaria, A; Kisslo, J and Weyman, A (1978). Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echo-cardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Circulation. 58: 1072-1083.
Saunders, AB (2012). The diagnosis and management of age-related veterinary cardiovascular disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. (Small Anim. Pract.), 42: 655-658.
Savage, DD; Garrison, RJ; Kannel, WB; Levy, D; Anderson, JJ; Stones, JIII; Feinleib, M and Castell, WP (1987). The spectrum of left ventricular hypertrophy in a general population sample: the Framingham study. Circulation. 75: 125-133.
Sjogren, AL (1971). Left ventricular wall thickness determined by ultrasound in 100 subjects without heart disease. Chest. 60: 341-346.
Spasojević Kosić, Lj; Trailović, D and Krstić, N (2007). Comparison of three methods of measurement vertebral heart size in German Shepherd dogs. Acta Vet., 57: 133-141.
Strasser, A; Simunek, M; Seiser, M and Hofecker, NG (1997). Age-dependent changes in cardiovascular and metabolic responses to exercise in beagle dogs. Zentrabl. Veterinarmed., 44: 449-460.
Suzuki, R; Matsumoto, H; Testima, T and Koyama, H (2013). Effect of age on myocardial functional assessed by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy beagle dogs. J. Vet. Cardiol., 15: 243-252.
Templeton, GH; Willerson, JT; Platt, MR and Wiesfeldt, M (1976). Contraction duration and diastolic stiffness in aged canine left ventricle. Recent Adv. Stud. Card. Struct. Metabol., 11: 169-173.
Templeton, GH; Willerson, JT; Platt, MR and Wiesfeldt, ML (1979). Influence of aging on left ventricular hemo-dynamics and stiffness in beagles. Circ. Res., 44: 189-194.
Xu, GJ; Gan, TY; Tang, BP; Chen, ZH; Mahemuti, A; Jiang, T; Song, JG; Guo, X; Li, YD; Zhen, XH; Zhang, Y and Li, JX (2013a). Alterations in the expression of atrial calpains in electrical and structural remodeling during aging and atrial fibrillation. Mol. Med. Rep., 8: 1343-1352.
Xu, GJ; Gan, TY; Tang, BP; Chen, ZH; Mahemuti, A; Zhen, XH; Jiang, T; Song, JG; Guo, X; Li, YD; Miao, HJ; Zhang, Y and Li, J (2013b). Changes in microRNAs expression are involved in age-related atrial structural remodeling and atrial fibrillation. Chin. Med. J., 126: 1458-1463.