The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus on bovine monocyte phenotype

Document Type : Full paper (Original article)

Author

Department of Horse/Companion and Wild Animal Science, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of the livestock industry worldwide. BVDV is classified into cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp), depending on its effects on cultured cells. BVDV is known to alter the host’s immune response. Of this, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules play a central role in the development and function of the immune system, and are comprised of two types, DR and DQ, in cattle. In this study, we investigated the expression of MHC class II on monocytes infected with ncp BVDV1 or ncp BVDV2. Using flow cytometry (P<0.01), mRNA level quantification (quantitative real time RT-PCR, P<0.01), and western blot (P<0.001), we found that the expressions of MHC class IIDQ was significantly decreased in ncp BVDV2-infected monocytes compared with that in ncp BVDV1-infected cells. Furthermore, interferon gamma (IFNg) production was markedly decreased in ncp BVDV2-infected monocytes (P<0.001) compared to those with ncp BVDV1 infection. These findings suggest that ncp BVDV2 causes reduced expressions of MHC class II DQ and a decreased production of IFNg, resulting in evasion of immune recognition and suppression of the antiviral defense mechanism of the innate immune response. Consequently, the results demonstrate that ncp BVDV1 and ncp BVDV2 interact differently with the host innate immune response. Thus, our data provide insight into the mechanism by which, unlike ncp BVDV1, ncp BVDV2 impairs antigen presentation, fails to control the viral infection, and causes more severe disease.

Keywords

References

Andersson, L; Lundén, A; Sigurdardottir, S; Davies, CJ and Rask, L (1988). Linkage relationships in the bovine MHC region. High recombination frequency between class II subregions. Immunogenetics. 27: 273-280.
Archambault, D; Beliveau, C; Couture, Y and Carman, S (2000). Clinical response and immunomodulation follow-ing experimental challenge of calves with type 2 noncyto-pathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Res., 31: 215-227.
Baker, JC (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 11: 425-445.
Brackenbury, LS; Carr, BV and Charleston, B (2003). Aspects of the innate and adaptive immune responses to acute infections with BVDV. Vet. Microbiol., 96: 337-344.
Chase, CC (2013). The impact of BVDV infection on adaptive immunity. Biologicals. 41: 52-60.
Chase, CC; Elmowalid, G and Yousif, AA (2004). The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constant-ly changing picture. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 20: 95-114.
Glew, EJ; Carr, BV; Brackenbury, LS; Hope, JC; Charleston, B and Howard, CJ (2003). Differential effects of bovine viral diarrhoea virus on monocytes and dendritic cells. J. Gen. Virol., 84: 1771-1780.
Glew, EJ and Howard, CJ (2001). Antigen-presenting cells from calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus, a member of the Flaviviridae, are not compromised in their ability to present viral antigen. J. Gen. Virol., 82: 1677-1685.
Kumar, H; Kawai, T and Akira, S (2011). Pathogen recogni-tion by the innate immune system. Int. Rev. Immunol., 30: 16-34.
La Gruta, NL and Turner, SJ (2014). T cell mediated immunity to influenza: mechanisms of viral control. Trends Immunol., 35: 396-402.
Lee, SR; Nanduri, B; Pharr, GT; Stokes, JV and Pinchuk, LM (2009). Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection affects the expression of proteins related to professional antigen presentation in bovine monocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1794: 14-22.
Lewin, HA; Russell, GC and Glass, EJ (1999). Comparative organization and function of the major histocompatibility complex of domesticated cattle. Immunol. Rev., 167: 145-158.
Peterhans, E; Jungi, TW and Schweizer, M (2003). BVDV and innate immunity. Biologicals. 31: 107-112.
Ridpath, JF; Bendfeldt, S; Neill, JD and Liebler-Tenorio, E (2006) Lymphocytopathogenic activity in vitro correlates with high virulence in vivo for BVDV type 2 strains: criteria for a third biotype of BVDV. Virus Res., 118: 62-69.
Rupp, R; Hernandez, A and Mallard, BA (2007). Associa-tion of bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) DRB3.2 with immune response, mastitis, and production and type traits in Canadian Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 1029-1038.
Seong, G; Lee, JS; Lee, KH; Shin, SU; Yoon, JY and Choi, KS (2016). Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 impairs virus control in a mouse model. Arch. Virol., 161: 395-403.
Seong, G; Oem, JK and Choi, KS (2013). Pathogenetic differences after experimental infection of calves with Korean non-cytopathic BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 isolates. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 156: 147-152.
Takeshima, S; Miki, A; Kado, M and Aida, Y (2007). Establishment of a sequence-based typing system for BoLA-DQA1 exon 2. Tissue Antigens. 69: 1891-1899.
Tortorella, D; Gewurz, BE; Furman, MH; Schust, DJ and Ploegh, HL (2000). Viral subversion of the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 18: 861-926.
Zanotti, M; Poli, G; Ponti, W; Polli, M; Rocchi, M; Bolzani, E; Longeri, M; Russo, S; Lewin, HA and van Eijk, MJ (1996). Association of BoLA class II haplotypes with subclinical progression of bovine leukaemia virus infection in Holstein-Friesian cattle. Anim. Genet., 27: 337-341.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics