2024-03-29T10:12:10Z
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=923
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Molecular characterization of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene among virulent Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Iran
M.
Soltani
S. M.
Peighambari
S. A.
Pourbakhsh
A.
Ashtari
A.
Rezaei Far
M.
Abdoshah
Background: Virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) causes great economic losses to the poultry industry throughout the world. Despite the endemicity of Newcastle disease (ND) and occurrence of recurrent outbreaks, the nature and genetic features of circulating NDV strains in Iran are largely unknown. Aims: This study was conducted to characterize 13 NDV isolates obtained from different outbreaks in various regions of Iran during 1999-2000 by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of complete coding sequences of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene. Methods: All isolates were analyzed based on the previously determined in vivo pathogenicity indices and amino acid (aa) sequences of fusion (F) protein cleavage site (FPCS). Results: Phylogenetic analysis based on the HN gene coding region revealed a very close relationship of these viruses with the recently defined genotype XIII, and more specifically, subgenotype XIIIa viruses. Analysis of HN gene nucleotide (nt) sequences revealed that all studied isolates encode for a protein length of 571 aa and there is no C-terminal extension on HN aa sequences. Sequence analysis revealed multiple aa residue substitutions at antigenic sites or neutralizing epitopes on the HN glycoprotein of studied viruses compared with commonly used vaccinal strains. Conclusion: In this study, molecular characterization of vNDV isolates, obtained from commercial poultry farms in Iran, were conducted through complete sequencing and analysis of HN gene. Isolation and molecular characterization of further NDV isolates from other parts of Iran and from neighboring countries in the region will be helpful to identify the nature and origin of indigenous viruses.
Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase gene
Iran
Newcastle disease virus
Phylogenetic analysis
Poultry
2019
03
01
1
8
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5135_86551781734e1b2c7268383c3309047f.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Comparison of first and second acupuncture treatments in horses with chronic laminitis
D.
Lee
K.
May
B.
Faramarzi
Background: Laminitis is a common but critical disease that causes severe pain and disability in horses. The etiology and pathogenesis of laminitis remain inconclusive and a multimodal therapeutic approach is generally indicated. Acupuncture has been used as a treatment option; however, the required number of treatments is still controversial due to the lack of objective scientific evidence. Aims: The objective of this study was to determine if the response to a second acupuncture treatment differed from the response to the first acupuncture treatment in horses with chronic laminitis. Methods: Fourteen horses with chronic laminitis were identified. Acupuncture points were determined based on the results of a diagnostic acupuncture palpation examination. The second acupuncture treatment and lameness examination were conducted one week after the first treatment. Ten minutes after each acupuncture treatment, a lameness examination was performed and included an objective examination using a body-mounted inertial sensor system called “Lameness Locator” and a routine lameness examination following the “American Association of Equine Practitioners” (AAEP) lameness scale. The level of lameness was statistically analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test with p-values <0.05 considered significant. Results: Both objective (P=0.042) and routine lameness examinations (P=0.027) showed that the level of lameness significantly decreased after the second acupuncture treatment compared to the response to the first treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that continued acupuncture treatments will result in increasing levels of pain relief, showing the advantage of performing more than one acupuncture treatment in horses with chronic laminitis.
Acupuncture
horse
Laminitis
Objective lameness examination
2019
03
01
9
12
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5136_c52b90899a70ec17d61024ef230a0431.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Comparative evaluation of clinical efficiency of intramuscular diazepam-ketamine, medetomidine-ketamine, and xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in Ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)
M.
Kaya
H. O.
Nisbet
M.
Cenesiz
Background: Several injectable anaesthetics and sedatives are used in various avian species for general anaesthesia. Birds are very sensitive animals and any mismanagement in a crisis can lead to immediate shock and death. Therefore, careful selection of the safest possible anaesthetic agent and dose is very important. Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical efficiency of diazepam-ketamine (DK), medetomidine-ketamine (MK), and xylazine-ketamine (XK) combinations anaesthetic regimens in pheasants. Methods: Twenty-four pheasants were divided into three equal groups and received one of three anaesthetic combinations by intramuscular injections: 9.0 mg/kg diazepam and 150.0 mg/kg ketamine, 0.20 mg/kg medetomidine and 80.0 mg/kg ketamine, and 3.0 mg/kg xylazine and 80.0 mg/kg ketamine. Each pheasant was pre-medicated with sedative drugs and 5 min later, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine injection. Results: The weak time (2.50 ± 1.07 min; mean±SD) and down time (6.13 ± 1.25 min) were shortest in group XK. The sleep time was longest (73 ± 20.24 min) while the recovery time (157 ± 13.61 min) was shortest in group MK. Muscle relaxation was excellent during the anaesthesia in all groups. The recovery phase of the birds was uneventful. Heart rate (HR) in DK group was statistically higher than MK and XK groups. Body temperature (BT) decreased in all groups compared to baseline values and those of MK group were lower than DK and XK groups. Respiratory rate (RR) in XK group was significantly lower than DK and MK groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the MK combination shows better anaesthetic outcome compared to DK or XK combinations in pheasants.
Diazepam
ketamine
Medetomidine
Pheasant
Xylazine
2019
03
01
13
18
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5137_31a2cad240722f21916d210a86da8db8.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Cytotoxic effects of three Persian Gulf species of Holothurians
S.
Mashjoor
M.
Yousefzadi
Background: Pharmaceutical industries around the world are struggling for finding new approaches to fight cancer and many researchers are involved in this process to find new drug candidates. Aims: The current study aimed at investigating the new marine natural products with anticancer potential from the three Persian Gulf Holothuria sea cucumbers. Methods: We evaluated the cytotox activity of different organs of three Holothuria sea cucumbers species (H. scabra, H. parva, and H. leucospilota) using organic extract (OE): n-Hexane (nH), ethyl acetate (E), and methanol (M). Cytotoxicity potential of three fractions was estimated using two toxicity models: brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay (BSA) and tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT) assay in human cancer cell lines (MCF-7( and normal cell lines (HeLa). Results: The data illustrated that toxicity depends on concentration but BSA was highest for the M extracts of cuvierian tubules (CT) organs of H. leucospilota (up to 95% at 1000 µg/ml, LC50 = 616.4 μg/ml) and respiratory tree (RT) organs of H. parva (up to 86% at 1000 µg/ml, LC50 = 607.2 μg/ml). Based on cell lines, the more effective extracts were noticed for E fractions of CT organs of H. leucospilota (up to 85% at 250 µg/ml, LC50 = 37.25 μg/ml) against MCF-7 and for E extracts of intestine tract (IT) organs of H. parva (up to 80% at 250 µg/ml, LC50 = 46.25 μg/ml) against HeLa cells. This variation indicates that the possible cytotoxic compounds in fractions are selective toxicity toward cell lines. Conclusion: The data demonstrated that Holothuria species are an interesting source for discovery of drugs.
Biological activity
Cell line
Persian Gulf
Sea cucumber
Secondary metabolites
2019
03
01
19
26
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5138_2623f37c537ff19f9d83be376768965e.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Interaction of primary mammary bovine epithelial cells with biofilm-forming staphylococci associated with subclinical bovine mastitis
N.
Zaatout
A.
Ayachi
M.
Kecha
Background: Staphylococci are recognized worldwide as one of the most important etiological agents of bovine mastitis due to their virulence factors such as their ability to penetrate inside mammary epithelial cells and their ability to form biofilm. Aims: The objectives of this study were to establish a model of primary mammary epithelial cells originating from the secretory tissue of the bovine udder in order to evaluate the invasion ability of 42 staphylococci isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases. Methods: Two techniques were used to establish a model of primary mammary epithelial cells, the explant technique and the enzymatic method. Biofilm formation was detected using a quantitative spectrophotometric assay. When compared with the enzymatic digestion method, the epithelial cells obtained by the explant technique grew faster and reached quickly to confluence. Results: The results showed that 60% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=12) were able to invade the epithelial cells and 72.7% of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates were invasive (n=16). Staphylococcus xylosus isolates showed higher invasion values compared to S. aureus isolates and non-biofilm forming staphylococci were able to invade primary epithelial cells, but no significant difference was found between the internalization capabilities of biofilm positive and negative isolates. Conclusion: The results show that the explant technique is a valuable method for developing primary epithelial cells without damaging the cells, and provides new insights regarding the ability of staphylococci to penetrate inside primary mammary epithelial cells.
Biofilm
Bovine mastitis
Epithelial cells
Invasiveness
Staphylococci
2019
03
01
27
32
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5139_4c10128d9aa621a725a17a139d91d7ee.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Anesthetic efficacy of ketamine, ketamine-tramadol and ketamine-ketorolac in chicks
Y. J.
Mousa
M. H. I.
Al-Zubaidy
Background: Ketamine produces ordinary general anesthesia characterized by weak hypnosis and analgesia leading to complications during surgical operations. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of ketorolac or tramadol to enhance ketamine anesthesia in 7 to 20-day-old chicks and its feasibility and practical application for induction of general anesthesia in veterinary medicine. Methods: Hypnotic and analgesic Median Effective Doses (ED50s) of ketamine alone and combination with tramadol or ketorolac were determined by the up-and-down method, then the ED50 values of these combinations were used for measurement of hypnotic and analgesic criteria moreover, their effect on serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) was assayed. Results: Ketamine hypnosis and analgesia were increased when mixed with tramadol (26 and 39%) or ketorolac (27 and 40%), respectively. Ketamine-ketorolac mixture was better combination of inducing the faster onset of anesthesia and short recovery with the longest duration of action and enhancing analgesia when compared to ketamine alone or in combination with tramadol and is preferred for induction of anesthesia. The liver function enzymes, including AST and ALT, showed no significant difference among all above mentioned groups. Conclusion: The data of this experimental study reveal the superiority of using ketorolac (instead of tramadol) in combination with ketamine for induction of general anesthesia in the chicks.
analgesia
Anesthesia
ketamine
Ketorolac
Tramadol
2019
03
01
33
38
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5140_f0e03a57bd5ce6741bd0e04eca45398c.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Distribution and relative frequency of immunohistochemically detected endocrine cells in the stomach of New Zealand White rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
S.
Türk
K.
Çınar
M.
Öztop
Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) endocrine cells produce many GI hormones that perform various physiological functions of the digestive system. Aims: We aimed to investigate the presence and distribution of immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells to glucagon, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), serotonin, secretin and histamine in the stomach of adult male New Zealand White rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Methods: For immunohistochemical staining, peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method was applied to stomach samples. Results: Glucagon-IR cells of closed- and open type were found throughout all the stomach parts examined. Somatostatin-IR cells of closed- and open type in the cardiac and oxyntic glands were localized to deep portions of foveola gastrica. CCK-8 IR cells that were not observed in the cardia and fundus were mostly localized to the glands and lamina epithelialis in the pyloric part near the duodenum. Oval-shaped open and closed type serotonin-IR cells were mostly dispersed throughout the fundic and pyloric glands. Secretin-IR cells were rare in the pyloric and cardiac region although they were not observed in the fundic glands. Histamine-IR cells were rarely found in the cardia, fundus and pylorus. Conclusion: Our findings show that glucagon, histamine, somatostatin, secretin and serotonin might be produced by all the stomach regions while pyloric region had only CCK-8 IR. These distribution patterns also provide further evidence of species-specific differences, which might be important from the evolutionary aspect of the digestive tract in relation to evolutional niches and nutrient resources.
Endocrine cells
Histamine
Immunoreactivity
New Zealand White rabbit
Serotonin
2019
03
01
39
45
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5141_d5485804aa1bb756aea96d65a79c4a4b.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
The investigation of molecular characterization of presumptive Listeria monocytogenes isolates from a food-processing environment
M. S.
Ahmed
Background: Listeria is a Gram-positive, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobic intracellular bacterium. The most important pathogens in mammals include Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii. The former generally causes disease and death in both humans and animals while the latter performs sporadically and primarily causes illness in ruminants. Aims: The aim of this project was to use conventional and molecular techniques to determine whether the provided samples were L. monocytogenes, and whether they were genetically similar or different. Methods: The provided presumptive Listeria cultures isolated from industrial processed food are conventionally assumed to be L. monocytogenes. All samples were cultured on brain heart infusion agar and broth first and then on blood agar. Later, hly gene amplification was applied. Results: The provided culture phenotypically resembled L. monocytogenes as it caused haemolysis on blood agar plates; however, the absence of the hly gene revealed that they were genotypically different. 16S rRNA confirmed three species of Listeria species including L. grayi, L. welshimeri and L. ivanovii. The results from 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed the results obtained from hly gene amplification. Conclusion: Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC PCR) confirmed that all bacterial cultures were isolated from different sources depending on their ERIC PCR profile variation.
Isolation
Listeria monocytogenes
Molecular characterisation
2019
03
01
46
50
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5142_a4ab3cd04a9451b779760dbb0b0b9fd6.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Comparison of the effect of probiotic, prebiotic, salinomycin and vaccine in control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens
A. R.
Behnamifar
Sh.
Rahimi
M. M.
Kiaei
H.
Fayazi
Background: Coccidiosis is the most common parasitic disease in poultry, ionophore antibiotics are preferred drugs for controlling this disease. However, prolonged use of ionophores will result in Eimeria deformation and resistance to these drugs. Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of probiotic and prebiotic, that is used to boost digestive system health, with salinomycin and vaccine in controlling coccidiosis. Methods: A completely randomized design, including 6 treatments, 4 replications and 20 birds in each experimental unit was applied. All experimental groups except negative control were challenged with suspension containing a mixture of three common species in Iran by oral inoculation in the crop at 28 days of age. Results: The results showed that the reduction of oocyst excretion was significant in coccidiostat (salinomycin), vaccine (Livacox® T), and probiotic (Primalac®) compared to the positive control group (P<0.05). Also, in the intestinal tract injuries, there was a significant reduction between the vaccine and salinomycin compared to the positive control group only in the cecum section (P<0.05). The effect of treatments on performance index (PI) was investigated and it was found that the best performance between infected groups was for salinomycin and vaccine groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded that probiotic and prebiotic are not effective in controlling coccidiosis and its complications like vaccine and salinomycin.
Prebiotic
Probiotic
Salinomycin
Vaccine
Coccidiosis
2019
03
01
51
54
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5143_e7ac70aa53dc5a446f65e8952e9cefca.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
A field study on glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and thyroid hormones in dairy cows during the breeding period in Fars province, Iran
M.
Mohebbi-Fani
A.
Omidi
A.
Mirzaei
S.
Nazifi
Kh.
Nowroozi
Background: It was hypothesized that under apparently good management practices in dairy farms, some cows may not be metabolically perfect during the breeding period and this may affect their performance. Aims: This study was conducted to assess probable metabolic drawbacks in mid-lactation dairy cows affecting their performance. Methods: Thirty-seven clinically healthy Holstein cows were assessed for plasma concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), thyroxin (T4), and tri-iodothyronine (T3) on days 60, 90 and 120 of lactation. The relationships of the measured analytes with some performance indices were also studied. Results: Continuous declines in plasma glucose (within reference values; P<0.006), T4 (P<0.001) and T3 (0.003) were found during the study. Non-esterified fatty acids showed relatively high levels through the study with a rise at day 90 (P<0.041). Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations did not change significantly (P>0.05) but were higher than those reported by others in mid-lactation cows. By progress in lactation 27% of cows had glucose concentrations <2.5 mmol/L, 62% had NEFA concentrations >0.40 mmol/L and 13.5% had BHB levels above 1200 µmol/L, which are the threshold levels of peri- and post-parturient problems. Milk production had negative correlations with glucose and T4 while the correlation was positive with NEFA. The interval between calving to the 1st heat had positive correlations with BHB concentrations. The interval between calving and the 1st insemination was inversely correlated with glucose and positively correlated with NEFA levels. Conclusion: The changes of the studied analytes in mid-lactation cows resembled those that would happen during negative energy balance in early lactation cows and feed restriction in mid-lactation cows and may affect the general health and the performance of the cows.
Breeding period
Dairy cows
Glucose
NEFA
Thyroid hormones
2019
03
01
55
59
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5144_59ef09e6e4326eea225b4805417a2a06.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Afghanistan (2016-2017): the first report
N.
Sadri
A.
Ghalyanchilangeroudi
M. H.
Fallah Mehrabadi
H.
Hosseini
A.
Shayeganmehr
M. S.
Sediqian
M.
Jabbarifakhr
A. M.
Hamdan
F. S.
Mousavi
Background: Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects the poultry industry. The virus exists in a wide variety of genotypes, and phylogenetic analysis has been used to classify infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains. Aims: The object of the study is a molecular characterization of circulating IBV in Afghanistan as a first study. Methods: The tracheal tissue specimens from 100 different commercial broiler flocks with respiratory distress in Afghanistan were collected during 2016-2017. After real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR), IBV-positive samples were further characterized. A 390 bp hypervariable spike glycoprotein gene segment was amplified using Nested PCR, sequenced, and analyzed. Results: The results of real-time RT-PCR showed that 45/100 of the mentioned flocks were IBV positive. Phylogenetic analysis of all positive samples revealed that IBV strains were clustered into two distinct genotypes: LX4 (GI-19) (9/45) and IS-1494 like (GI-23) (34/45). Also, 2 of the 45 samples remained uncharacterized. Conclusion: It is the first study focusing on the molecular epidemiology of IBV in Afghanistan, extending our understanding of IB in the region. These results showed the high rate of IB infection in Afghanistan broiler farms and confirm the continuing monitoring of IBVs to modify the vaccination program.
Afghanistan
Avian infectious bronchitis
Genotyping
GI-19
GI-23
2019
03
01
60
63
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5145_84d61f9884ede4a2d839613925236128.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2019
20
1
Gill lesions and mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with a dense bloom of Heterosigma-like algae in Khuzestan province, Iran
R.
Peyghan
A.
Rezaei
Z.
Tulaby Dezfuly
M.
Halimi
Background: Widespread common carp (Cyprinus carpio) mortalities have been recorded in Khuzestan province fish farms in recent years. In summer of 2017 two cases of harmful algal bloom were encountered that led to massive mortality in common carp in Khuzestan, Iran. Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the possible etiologic agent of two mortalities with characteristic symptoms of gill lesions due to harmful algae. Methods: Water samples were collected and 5 moribund fishes were examined by histophatologic, scanning electron microscopic and PCR examination. Results: In wet smear preparations, a lot of algal cells and fragments, and sloughed, necrotic epithelial cells were observed between the lamellae. In histopathologic examination of gills, hyperplasia, necrosis and algal cells surrounded by hyperplastic cells were seen in tissue sections. No inflammatory cell aggregation was noticed. In scanning electron microscopic examination the algae was found attached to the gill surface (cell diameter: 8.5 ± 4.2 µm) with 2 equal flagella. Conclusion: Phytoplankton analysis using direct microscopy and electron microscopy, morphologically resembling Heterosigma was identified, however, in PCR tests, Heterosigma analysis showed negative results, therefore the causative agent was called “Heterosigma-like” algae.
Common carp
Gill lesions
Heterosigma sp
Khuzestan province
Mortality
2019
03
01
64
67
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5146_7945d632f0422c04f464df1b336ccbc3.pdf