2024-03-29T12:22:36Z
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=881
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Epidermal mucus, a major determinant in fish health: a review
S.
Dash
S.K.
Das
J.
Samal
H. N.
Thatoi
Fish epidermal mucus contains innate immune components, secreted by globlet cells that provide the primary defence against different pathogenic microbes and act as a barrier between fish and its immediate niche. The major function of mucus includes entrapment and sloughing of microbes. The mucus also contains many factors such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), lysozymes, lectins, proteases, etc that provide innate immunity. The AMPs secreted by epidermal mucus cells displayed antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogens. Besides, mucosal lysozyme was found to produce significant bacteriolytic action whereas different proteases found in skin mucus of fish can kill the pathogens by cleaving its protein or by activating immunological mechanisms. Lectins are also mucosal agglutinins that play a diverse role in innate immunity like opsonization, activation of complement, etc. Epidermal mucus in fish thus provides an innate and fast acting protection which is non-specific and is found to be relatively temperature independent. The aim of the present review is to provide a broad overview of the different components of epidermal mucus including AMPs, proteases, lysozymes as well as their mode of action on pathogens.
Antimicrobial peptides
Innate immunity
Lysozyme
Mucus
Proteases
2018
06
01
72
81
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4849_d25cbdb48ff0dda5385409fc39e756b9.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Pathogenicity characteristics of Enterococcus faecium from diseased black bears
F.
Dai
X.
Xiang
G.
Duan
B.
Duan
X.
Xiao
H.
Chang
The death of several black bears at the black bear breeding base in Yunnan Pingbian Daweishan is a matter of concern. Multiple black bears exhibited decreased appetite or unusual waste, and some were soporific or suffered from vomiting and anhelation. In order to ascertain the cause of death, 16S rDNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed on bacteria isolated from tissue samples obtained from dead bears. The biochemical characteristics of the isolated bacteria were subsequently analyzed using different biochemical test systems. The bacteria can decompose glucose, but it cannot produce gas. The fermentation study of sucrose, lactose, trehalose, glycerol and mannitol yielded positive results; while it was unable to decompose urea or ODC (ornithine decarboxylase). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis of a ~1500-bp DNA product amplified from the 16S rDNA of the bacterial isolate revealed that Enterococcus faecium from black bears is highly similar to other E. faecium isolates in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and the highest sequence similarity (99%) was with the reference strain. In addition, mice infected with the E. faecium isolate succumbed to severe damage to the lungs, liver, spleen, myocardium, and kidney tissues. In summary, the isolated E. faecium from dead black bears induced pathological changes in mice.
Black bear
Characterization
Enterococcus faecium
Isolation
2018
06
01
82
86
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4850_447bac560c29562dd014e86fb71cfdac.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Activating natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity of canine CD5−CD21− cells requires low surface CD5 density NK cells
C.S.
Lin
C.P.
Chang
H. C.
Chiang
T. F.
Chuang
C. H.
Hsu
C. C.
Liu
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in regulating immune functions. Few studies have characterized canine NK cells. We previously demonstrated that canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with a low surface CD5 density (CD5lo) are considered a critical NK population. Natural killer cells in most mammals do not express T-cell markers, but canine CD5lo cells express surface molecules, such as CD3 T-cell receptors. These features make canines unique models for the study of comparative immunology in NK cells. In this study, we discovered that CD5lo and CD21 double-negative (CD5lo-ne/CD2−) cells were originally low in NK cytotoxicity and their NK cytotoxicity was highly activated when co-cultured with CD5lo NK cells. The cytotoxicity was not activated when co-cultured with other cell types, such as high surface CD5 density (CD5hi) cells. The CD5lo-negative (CD5lo-ne) population comprises CD5− and CD5hi cells. CD5-cells were low in NK cytotoxicity initially or after culturing with interleukin-2 (IL-2) without CD5lo cells; however, the addition of CD5lo cells in a similar medium markedly enhanced the NK activity. By contrast, CD5hi cells were always NK inactive, irrespective of them being cultured with CD5lo cells or not. We further verified that only the CD5−CD21− cells, which were separated from CD5−CD21+ cells in the entire CD5− population, showed activated NK activity through CD5lo cell induction. This study is the first to reveal that canine NK cells enhanced NK-inert cells to become NK-cytotoxic cells. Additionally, it is concluded that in beagles, except for CD5lo cells, CD5−CD21− cells show NK activity.
CD5−CD21− cells
Cytotoxicity
Low surface CD5 density
Natural killer cells
2018
06
01
87
95
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4851_c746bf137622e1ea337e2b9e1f5e206d.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield in Nili-Ravi buffaloes
M. I.
Anjum
S.
Javaid
M. S.
Ansar
A.
Ghaffar
Rumen Yeast® (RY; Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a live yeast strain, improves milk yield and composition and nutrients digestibility through balancing rumen ecosystem and increasing ruminal cellulolytic bacteria numbers in cattle. To examine the effects of dietary supplementation of RY in Nili-Ravi buffaloes, 16 buffaloes with 8 L average daily milk production were randomly divided into two groups, and investigated for a 60-day period. Group I (control) was offered maize silage ad libitum as sole forage plus 3 kg of concentrate/head per day (16% crude protein (CP) and 72% total digestible nutrients (TDN)), while group II was given the same diet as control supplemented with RY (14 g/head per day). Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk production of each animal were recorded. Average dry matter (DM) intake was not affected (P>0.05) in buffaloes with or without RY (14.7 and 14.3 kg/day, respectively). Digestibility of DM, CP, and ruminal pH were similar (P>0.05) between the groups, but the digestibility coefficients of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were greater (P<0.05) for the animals that received RY. Milk production (9.60 vs. 9.15 L/day) and 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) (11.32 vs. 11.85 L/day) were significantly (P<0.05) greater in the buffaloes fed with RY than the control group. Milk composition was similar between the experimental groups, however, milk somatic cell count (SCC) was significantly (P<0.01) lower in RY supplemented buffaloes than the control animals. In conclusion, feeding RY had positive effects on milk production, fibre digestibility and SCC in buffaloes fed maize silage-concentrate based diet.
Digestibility
Intake
Lactating buffaloes
Milk production
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
2018
06
01
96
100
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4852_2b5113e02b1c0f9e1c2b4801b18b373a.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Rapid detection of infectious bursal disease by loop-mediated isothermal amplification for field analysis
R. S. A.
Khan
W.
Ali
S.
Kiran
M. S. D.
Shah
Z. A.
Tahir
M.
Habib
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an immunosuppressive, acute and highly contagious illness of growing-poultry stock infected with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). It is common in Pakistan, causing potential economic losses throughout the year. The objective of the study is to propose a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool, and compare it with existing commonly used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for IBDV. Different primers were used for RT-PCR and reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) to target the IBD virus. RT-LAMP primers showed prodigious specificity without cross reaction to the other animal pathogens. Moreover, RT-LAMP was found to have 10 times higher selectivity for IBDV identification as compared to RT-PCR. RT-LAMP detected 9.2% more field samples than RT-PCR. Sequences of PCR products were determined and phylogenetic analysis of research isolates revealed its maximum similarity with indigenous and Indian IBDV isolates. RT-LAMP was found to be simple, specific, less laborious and a better technique as compared to RT-PCR for quick analysis. In general, RT-LAMP was declared positive on observing turbidity or adding fluorescence staining reagent such as SYBR Green I. The options of direct use of field sample homogenate and viewing directly the peaks in the graph shown on a monitor/laptop have made it much more convenient and time saving than gel based RT-PCR.
Detection
IBDV
Poultry farm diagnosis
RT-LAMP
RT-PCR
2018
06
01
101
107
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4853_0786155075f4330a027daa2898a2fa6f.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Production of MPT-64 recombinant protein from virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis
M.
Mohammadi Tashakkori
M.
Tabatabaei
M.
Tebianian
N.
Mosavari
Tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic infectious disease common to humans and animals which has been caused by a rod shaped, acid fast bacterium, called Mycobacterium bovis. The rapid and sensitive detection is a great challenge for TB diagnosis. The virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have 16 different regions of difference (RD) in their genome which encode some important antigens. The major protein of M. bovis 64 (MPT-64) is one of the main immune-stimulating antigens which are encode by RD-2 region. The aim of the present study was cloning, expression and purification of MPT-64 as a protein antigen of M. bovis in a prokaryotic system for the usage in the future diagnostic studies. In this experimental study, the mpt-64 gene with 687 bp has been proliferated from M. bovis whole genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The PCR product has been digested by BamHI and HindIII restriction enzymes and cloned into pQE-30 plasmid. The recombinant protein has been expressed in the Escherichia coli M15 with induction by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The expressed protein was analyzed on SDS-PAGE, and purified with Nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) column. Finally, its biological properties were confirmed in Western blotting method using specific antibodies. Data showed the successful cloning of mpt-64 gene (as a 687 bp segment) in expression vector. The MPT-64 recombinant protein was ideally expressed and purified as a 24 kDa protein. The result of this study indicated that MPT-64 recombinant protein (24 kDa) has been successfully expressed and purified in a prokaryotic system, so this protein could be used for differential diagnosis of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Mycobacterium, in suspected BTB cases.
Cloning
MPT-64 protein
Mycobacterium bovis
Recombinant protein
2018
06
01
108
112
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4854_2ee3eb72167eb6485cebbb07165946f0.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Effect of sequential treatments with sodium dodecyl sulfate and citric acid or hydrogen peroxide on the reduction of some foodborne pathogens on eggshell
S.
Maktabi
M.
Zarei
R.
Rashnavady
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), citric acid, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), alone or in combination, on reducing the population of four foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus on eggshells. In each series of tests, eight fresh eggs were inoculated with each bacterial strain by being immersed in a bacterial suspension and exposed to SDS (1.5%), H2O2 (0.5%), citric acid (1%), or sequential treatments with SDS + citric acid and SDS + H2O2. Viable cell counts were made and the bacterial concentrations results compared to pre-treatment levels. Results showed that all washing solutions except citric acid significantly (P<0.05) reduced the concentration of all tested bacteria (~2-4 log reductions). The sensitivity of S. typhimurium and E. coli to SDS and H2O2 was similar (~2.5 log reduction). Listeria monocytogenes (4.1 Log reduction) and S. aureus (4.3 Log reduction) were more sensitive to SDS and H2O2, respectively. The combination of SDS and citric acid or H2O2 in comparison to SDS alone, generally did not produce significant additive reductions in the viability of the bacteria on eggshells. These data suggest that SDS potentially could be used alone or in combination with citric acid or H2O2 as an effective and inexpensive method to reduce bacteria, such as L. monocytogenes, on eggshells. Additionally, application of SDS may be useful for bacterial decontamination of other materials and surfaces in food industries.
Decontamination
Eggshells
Foodborne pathogens
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
2018
06
01
113
117
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4855_871f9f4b92ce108b584e7b5b9ecbb4b2.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Histomorphometrical changes of oviduct during the long-term exposure of breeder hens to extra thyroxine
F.
Saemi
A.
Zare Shahneh
M.
Zhandi
A.
Akhlaghi
Z.
Khaksar
M.
Dadpasand
In this research a 100 day long treatment period was considered to unmask the probable adverse effects of long-term induced hyperthyroidism on histomorphometrical attributes of the oviduct in broiler breeder hens. A total of seventy 47-week-old Cobb 500 breeder hens were randomly allotted to two treatment groups (5 replicates of 7 hens each). Thyroxine (T4) was orally administered to the hyperthyroid group (0.3 mg/bird/d) for 100 consecutive days; whereas the control group received drinking water only throughout the trial. At 64 weeks of age, 2 birds per replicate were killed by cervical dislocation and their oviducts were removed. For histomorphometrical observations, segments were taken from five different regions. After tissue preparation and staining with haematoxylin and eosin, histological layers were evaluated using light microscopy. The assessment of histomorphometrical characteristics of oviduct showed the height of mucosal folds in the magnum, thickness of mucosal folds of the magnum and uterus, thickness of tunica muscularis in the magnum and vagina, epithelial thickness of the isthmus and vagina, and uterine tubular glands percentage were decreased in the hyperthyroid birds compared with the control counterparts. The results showed long-term induced hyperthyroidism was associated with a decrease in a number of histomorphometrical traits in different regions of the oviduct. Some studies should be done to clarify to what extent the long-term maternal hyperthyroidism might affect the egg production, fertility rate, duration of fertility, and sperm penetration rate to make a final decision on exploitation of this preventative treatment to diminish the ascites incidence in progeny chicks.
Ascites
Breeder hen
Hyperthyroidism
Oviduct morphometry
2018
06
01
118
122
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4856_606330b16e8739ca104809d5e8e2747b.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
The use of cerclage wire for surgical repair of unilateral rostral mandibular fracture in horses
A.
Rizk
M.
Hamed
Fractures of the rostral mandible in horses are the most common type of jaw fractures. The present study was performed for stabilization of rostral mandibular fracture with cerclage wire. In a retrospective case series, six client-owned horses with unilateral mandibular fractures were admitted to our clinic and suffered from a major gingival wound at rostral part of mandible. Rostral mandibular fracture was diagnosed through clinical examination and radiography. Fractured region was repaired by cerclage wire under the effect of general anesthesia and wires were maintained for 6-12 weeks. The repair of mandibular fracture by cerclage wiring exhibited good fracture reduction and fixation in five horses and fair results in one horse. After twelve weeks, the fracture healing was excellent practically and cosmetically. Furthermore, the horses appeared normal without any evidence of teeth-related mastication problems, obstinate fracture-site fistula, or extreme callus formation. Radiographically, cerclage wire achieved good fracture fixation and fracture gap closure. Moreover, the formation of uniting callus was noticed at 6-12 weeks post-operatively. It was concluded that, unilateral mandibular fracture in horses can successfully be repaired by interdental wiring (IDW). All horses were returned to their usual activities without any fracture healing-related masticatory problems at the time of follow-up.
Cerclage wire
horse
Mandibular fracture
X-ray
2018
06
01
123
127
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4857_1166dec806e0abb0ccae10e305c500ba.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Molecular detection of Brucella melitensis, Coxiella burnetii and Salmonella abortusovis in aborted fetuses of Baluchi sheep in Sistan region, south-eastern Iran
H.
Mahdavi Roshan
D.
Saadati
M.
Najimi
Abortion in sheep and goats causes enormous economic losses. This study revealed the epidemiology of abortion caused by Brucella melitensis, Coxiella burnetii and Salmonella abortusovis in Baluchi sheep in Sistan region. In the autumn of 2015 and winter of 2016, a total of 78 aborted sheep fetuses were collected from all over the Sistan region. Risk factors, including location of livestock, history of abortion, gender of fetus, age of fetus, age of ewe and parity were obtained using a questionnaire. The results showed that 27 fetuses (35%) were infected with these organisms. Infection with B. melitensis, C. burnetii and S. abortusovis were identified respectively in 15 (19.2%), 13 (16.6%) and 1 (1.3%) fetus. Logistic regression analysis showed that infection with B. melitensis in male fetuses is higher than females (OR=3.73, P=0.040), also infection with C. burnetii in ≤2 years’ ewes (OR=0.047, P=0.009) and 2-5 years’ ewes (OR=0.197, P=0.069) is lower than ≥5 years’ ewes.
Abortion
Brucella melitensis
Coxiella burnetii
Salmonella abortusovis
Sheep
2018
06
01
128
132
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4858_d6b32ebca317d72ca826c235caf928c3.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Occurrence of purulent mandibular and maxillary osteomyelitis associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a sheep flock in south-west of Iran
A.
Rasooli
M.
Nouri
S.
Esmaeilzadeh
A.
Ghadiri
D.
Gharibi
M.
Javaheri Koupaei
M.
Moazeni
This report describes an outbreak of purulent mandibular and/or maxillary osteomyelitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a sheep flock located in the Khuzestan province, Iran. Jaw bones of almost 100 out of 500 mature sheep in a flock became severely deformed with a variably sized firm swelling, without any signs of inflammation in the surrounding soft tissues. The affected animals showed anorexia, depression, swelling of the mandibular and/or maxillary area, loss of cheek teeth and poor body condition. These animals were gradually culled in a period of 3 months. Postmortem examination showed a hard swelling of jaw bones with dirty greenish pus that filled alveolar molar teeth cavities. Histopathologic findings revealed necrotic areas surrounded by mixed population of inflammatory cells with exuberant fibrosis around some area of the lesions and irregular trabeculae of woven bone. In bacteriology, pure culture of P. aeruginosa was isolated from all of 7 sampled sheep. Based on clinical examination, radiography, histopathological features and bacteriology, the lesions were diagnosed as chronic suppurative osteomyelitis caused by P. aeruginosa. According to bacteriological results, the likely source of bacterial infection in this study was drinking water.
Mandibular
Maxillary
Osteomyelitis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Sheep
2018
06
01
133
136
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4860_52274631476dd16f5d73cef71ac5e9f9.pdf
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
IJVR
1728-1997
1728-1997
2018
19
2
Use of a depot steroid formulation with CHOP-based protocol in the treatment of mediastinal lymphoma in cats
J. C.
Cartagena Albertus
J.
Engel Manchado
A.
Romairone Duarte
A.
Moise
S.
Moya Garcia
D.
Jones
J. A.
Montoya-Alonso
The aims of this retrospective study were to evaluate the efficacy of different steroid formulations (depot vs oral) and if the continuous administration of steroids throughout and beyond a CHOP protocol might improve the survival time and rate of cats with mediastinal lymphoma. The medical records of client-owned cats diagnosed with mediastinal lymphoma were reviewed at two veterinary referral hospitals in Spain. Cases were recruited from 2008 to 2016. Those cats with mediastinal lymphoma treated with chemotherapy were used in the collection of data including surgical procedures, chemotherapy protocol, side effects, complete remission (CR), partial remission and survival time were calculated from time of diagnosis. The median survival time (MST) of group with depot steroid was 370.7 days and all cats are still alive. The MST of group with oral steroid was 267.9 days. The survival distributions were found to be significantly different. The use of depot injectable steroids with a CHOP-based protocol seems to result in a longer survival time in patients with mediastinal lymphoma when comparing the survival distribution for those receiving oral steroids with a CHOP-based protocol. Prospective studies with a higher number of cats are warranted to investigate the utility of injectable steroids depot with a CHOP-based protocol in the treatment of mediastinal lymphoma.
Chemotherapy
Feline
Lymphoma
Mediastinum
2018
06
01
137
143
https://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4861_9c329c38f4adea777f5f62355ecf5d86.pdf